Socially Engaged Design Process Model
Socially engaged engineering & design is human(ity) centered – not just user centered.
Engineers design technology, often before there is a clear end-user or client to empathize with. While this can be seen as a license just to see the good in the activity, socially engaged design pushes the designer to think about the broad societal implications and possibilities for unintended consequences at the earliest possible moments of design. These implications include social, cultural, political, economic, and environmental factors that can comprehensively alter the design of solutions. It is dynamic and iterative. Further, socially engaged engineering & design pushes engineers & designers to analyze how their own approach shapes engineering outcomes and impacts.
Socially Engaged Design Process Model
The socially engaged design process model has 5 stages and 4 undercurrents: activities designers are engaged in during every stage of the process.
The socially engaged design model makes visible the sociotechnical nature of engineering & design.
The social considerations and technical components of a design process and solution are intertwined. Technical engineering & design decisions themselves are made within a social context by engineers and designers who have their own needs, motivations, and biases and who live within cultures that have values. Technical decision making is embedded in a social context because engineering and design work is a part of society, it happens within societies.
EXPLORE: In explore, designers ask questions and gather information. For example:
- What individuals, institutions, and organizations affect or are affected by the problem?
- How have people historically attempted to solve these problems?
- Where can you look for the root causes of the problem or challenge?
- What information would be helpful in better understanding the context this challenge lives in?
- Whose voices are included vs. excluded?
DEFINE is a moment to converge, collecting all of the information and context gathered in the Explore stage to find patterns, recognize constraints, and determine a way forward. In Define, engineers take the larger, more complex problems they started with and synthesize them into smaller, more concise challenges that they can start generating tangible solution ideas for.
IDEATE is the time to take your learnings from Define and get creative with ideas that could potentially address the challenge. It might be a specific idea or a process or simply a promising path forward – ideate is about possibilities – The goal is to create possibilities for moving forward, with the idea that the end goal of ideation isn’t to pick the best one, but to present yourself with a variety of options of ideas that you can develop further and get feedback on.
In DEVELOP designers hone in on particular solution ideas and refine those ideas. Designers use what they build, sketch, code, or construct to get feedback, letting that feedback (both good and bad) inform future iterations. During develop, designers test their ideas for technical feasibility as well as perform analysis through social, economic, and environmental lenses that put pressure on ideas to ensure they are aligned with stakeholder needs and meet goals around equity and sustainability.
REALIZE is purposely broad, recognizing that the “realization” of a design process could mean many things. Sometimes this might look like validating a physical product with users and bringing it to a specific market or community. In some cases, through the development that happened in the last stage, you may “realize” that you need to revisit previous stages in the process, for more ideating and development, to redefine the problem, or perform further exploration. In this sense, realize can act as a solution-anchored explore stage, requiring you to perform a more detailed exploration of new questions through the lens of a specific solution idea.
Decision Points:
Between each stage in the process there are breaks that act as stop signs. These are decision points and moments to pause and reflect on equity in your process.
Before moving from one stage to the next, it is important to pause and reflect. Different decision points will necessitate different reflective prompts. These pauses are a moment where design teams are encouraged to consider questions related to equity in their process, relationships, and decisions.
Ripples:
The ripples symbolize levels of complexity in each stage and are a reminder to consider ripple effects or potential unintended consequences of design decisions.
For example, as you begin exploring a challenge, you may think what you are working on is really straightforward, but as you explore it will likely feel more complicated because there are many layers of complexity to contend with. As you approach defining, you will be required to synthesize that complexity in order to move toward the next stage.
Undercurrents:
While these five steps are foregrounded, there’s an undercurrent that runs through each stage. While the stages represent specific actions in specific parts of the process, the undercurrent represents the things that engineers and designers are doing THROUGHOUT the process, no matter the stage they are in.
Analyze Dimensions of Equity, Power, Identity, and Motivations: Understanding what you bring to the process at any stage is a key element of socially engaged design. Ask yourself: What tradeoffs are present in this work? Are there stakeholder groups that will receive a benefit or a burden due to our design decisions? In what ways might the motivations of the design team be influencing the process? How do all of these considerations impact what I understand to be a “problem” or “not a problem”?
Account for Contextual Factors and Stakeholder Perspectives: Since you are always analyzing your own relationship to the problem and always sketching and prototyping, you will always be gathering new information — about yourself, history, users, context. This information may come directly from stakeholders or from secondary research, but new information is always useful and always welcome.
Gather and Synthesize Information: Because you will always be gathering new information, you will always have to figure out what to do with that information — how to synthesize and make sense of it in the context of the information you already have and the stage you are at in the process – even and especially when that information seems to conflict what you already think you know. Remember, the integration of new information into your process may require you to revisit a previous stage.
Prototype, Sketch, and Test Questions and Ideas: Socially engaged design encourages engineers to find ways to use prototypes and sketching to gather valuable insights at each step of the process, whether that is to help define user requirements, get feedback on a particular idea, or to test the feasibility of an idea as it is developed. The main idea is that you can visualize and test assumptions and ideas early and throughout the process by using prototypes to help reveal what you might be missing.
Join us.
This model is core to how we work at the Center for Socially Engaged Engineering & Design. We invite you to apply this design process to your work.
Please cite as: Center for Socially Engaged Engineering & Design (2024). Socially Engaged Design Process Model. Available at: https://csed.engin.umich.edu/socially-engaged-design-process-model
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License